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Why identical twins have different fingerprints

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5 Fascinating Facts About Twins

Humans have been fascinated by twins for thousands of years. While scientists understand the egg-splitting process that creates twins, researchers aren't so sure about why it happens. Welcome in Gemini season with these five facts about twins.

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What common beverage glows in the dark?

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Original photo by Slawek Tomas/ iStock

Tonic water can glow in the dark.

Tonic water is best known for adding a little bite to cocktails, though it has a hidden talent: It glows when exposed to ultraviolet light. While modern tonic waters often include citrus flavors or sweeteners to ease their bitter taste, the mix is traditionally crafted from just two ingredients — carbonated water and quinine, the second of which is capable of illumination. Quinine's ability to glow, technically called fluorescence, only occurs when the substance is exposed to the right conditions, particularly when its molecules absorb invisible ultraviolet light (such as that projected by a black light). The excited molecules then quickly release that energy, which appears as a blue hue to the human eye in a darkened room.

Though tonic water is now a bar cart staple, its initial purpose wasn't enjoyment — it was to prevent and treat malaria. Quinine, which comes from the bark of the South American cinchona tree, was first used by the Indigenous Quechua people as a cure-all for stomach ailments; by the 1600s, Europeans had documented its fever-reducing properties. In the 1700s, Scottish doctor George Cleghorn discovered it could also effectively treat malaria. As the only known treatment for nearly 300 years, quinine's bitter flavor was paired with water to create a "tonic," and distributed to British soldiers stationed in India and other malaria-prone regions. Some historians believe soldiers began adding the medication to gin and other alcohols to make the bitter flavor more palatable, eventually creating the "gin and tonic" drink we know today. However, other researchers suggest it wasn't until the 1860s that the classic drink emerged, served to victorious patrons at horse racing tracks in India.

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Numbers Don't Lie

Milligrams of quinine allowed in today's tonic water, reduced to prevent side effects like nausea

Milligrams of quinine in prescription tablets used to treat malaria

500–1,000

Cases of malaria diagnosed in the U.S each year, mostly in returning travelers

2,000

Liters of modern tonic water you'd have to consume in one day to fight off malaria

The search for a quinine alternative created the first synthetic dye.

Quinine's legacy isn't just in the beverages we drink, but also in the clothes we wear. The medicine led one scientist to discover mauveine, a synthetic dye that lends its name to the shade of purple we call mauve. In the 19th century, getting ahold of quinine was costly, since the compound was only created from cinchona tree bark imported from South America. Some researchers, like chemist William Perkin, attempted to create bark-free synthetic versions. One of Perkin's attempts, using a chemical called aniline, resulted in a goopy dark substance that didn't easily wash away. Realizing its staining abilities, Perkin patented the substance as the world's first synthetic dye — easier to use than natural dyes, and with the benefit of being more colorfast. Shortly after his discovery, Perkin opened his own textile dyeing factory, helping to launch a fashion craze that featured his newly created hue. Even Queen Victoria got into the act, wearing a mauve-colored dress at the International Exhibition of 1862.

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Why identical twins have different fingerprints

What common beverage glows in the dark?